Nortek Vectors Used to Study Turbulent Flow Effects on Odor-Mediated Interactions

The overarching goal of the Marc Weissburg and Donald Webster lab groups at the Georgia Institute of Technology is to understand how physical processes influence odor-mediated interactions in natural environments. Specifically, research focuses on how turbulent water flow, measured using Nortek Vector velocimeters, in intertidal salt marsh and oyster reef systems impacts foraging by odor-mediated predators, and the subsequent community-level effects on population abundances and distributions. For example, blue crabs show reduced foraging efficiency in high velocity and high turbulence flows, which has been shown to enhance survival of bivalve prey in the field. Unfortunately, relatively little is known about the velocity and turbulence characteristics in the highly variable flow environments where these organisms forage, which prevents adequate formulation of hypotheses as to community-level effects.

To enhance understanding of odor-mediated processes in these environments, the Weissburg and Webster lab groups developed three main goals:

1. To document the spatial and temporal variation in turbulent flow parameters that odor-mediated predators may be exposed to while foraging.
   1. How similar are turbulent flow parameters within individual sites versus between sites? Can we use this information to suggest sampling regimes that encompass variation that organisms may encounter in the field?
   2. How do turbulent flow parameters vary between sites and under different large-scale tidal forcing (i.e. neap versus spring tides)?
2. To determine the influence of wave-induced error on measurements of turbulent flow parameters in intertidal salt marsh systems.
3. To investigate long term (over three months and between years) changes and variation in turbulent flow parameters within salt marsh systems.

To explore these issues, graduate student and 2009 Nortek Student Equipment Grant winner, Miranda Wilson deployed six Nortek Vector velocimeters at multiple intertidal sites within Wassaw Sound, Georgia during June to August 2010.

Throughout the sampling period, two instruments were located at a reference site concurrent to the other four instruments being rotated between three other sites. In order to assess differences in turbulent flow within each site, they placed all four instruments within each site simultaneously, arranged at 1m, 5m, and 10m from a reference instrument. They collected time-series of three velocity-components for 4 complete tidal cycles at each site for three tidal types (neap tide, normal tide, and spring tide). For each deployment, they sampled three-dimensional velocity components at 16 Hz during 5-minute bursts, separated by 10 minutes. All instruments, regardless of site or deployment, were mounted such that the sampling volume was located approximately 10 cm above the substrate in order to examine the near bed region inhabited by blue crabs and other foragers.

As shown below, there are significant differences (analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance) in values of mean u-velocity as a function of site and tidal type, as well as a significant interaction between site and tidal type. Mean values of u-velocity are lower during neap tide and increase with the strength of tidal forcing (agreeing well with previous studies). However this pattern is site specific, with the SN site showing similar values for u-velocity for neap and normal tides. Mean values of u-velocity also are smaller at the DMH site. Site- and tidal type-specific patterns of turbulent flow properties may result in highly context-specific impacts on predator foraging efficiency and their subsequent effects on prey populations. For example, blue crabs may exhibit higher predation rates at DMH and during neap tide because of decreased foraging efficiency in the higher velocity flow regimes found at other sites and during other tidal types.

 Thank you to Miranda Wilson for sharing the group's work with NortekUSA!